2010 Yushu earthquake

The 2010 Yushu earthquake struck on April 14 and registered a magnitude of 6.9Mw[5][6] (USGS, EMSC) or 7.1Ms[2][7] (CEA, CENC). It originated in Yushu, Qinghai, China, at 7:49 am local time.[1][8] According to the Xinhua News Agency, 2,698 people have been confirmed dead, 270 missing, and 12,135 injured of which 1,434 are severely injured.[4] The epicenter was located in Rima village (日玛村/日麻村), Upper Laxiu township (上拉秀乡) of Yushu County,[9][10] in remote and rugged terrain, near the border of Tibet Autonomous Region. The epicenter is about 30 km from Gyêgu town or Jyekundo, the seat of Yushu County,[11] and about 240 km from Qamdo.[5] The epicenter was in a sparsely populated area on the Tibetan plateau that is regularly hit by earthquakes.[12]

The 12th century Thrangu Monastery and surrounding villages were severely damaged and many monks and villagers were killed.[13]



2010年玉树地震发生在4月14日，登记量为6.9Mw [5] [6]（USGS，EMSC）或7.1Ms [2] [7]（CEA，CENC）。 它起源于当地时间上午7:49在中国青海玉树[1] [8] 据新华社消息，已确定死亡人数2698人，失踪人员270人，伤员12135人，其中受伤严重者为1 3,434人[4] 震中位于玉树县上拉秀乡里马村（日玛村/日麻村），靠近西藏自治区边界偏僻的地形[9] [10]。 震中距离玉树县，玉树县（Jyekundo）约30公里[11]，距离泉州约240公里。[5] 震中位于青藏高原人烟稀少的地区，经常受到地震的袭击。[12]

12世纪的Thrangu修道院和周围的村庄受到严重破坏，许多僧侣和村民遇害。[13]

2010 Nián yùshù dìzhèn fāshēng zài 4 yuè 14 rì, dēngjì liàng wèi 6.9Mw [5] [6](USGS,EMSC) huò 7.1Ms [2] [7](CEA,CENC). Tā qǐyuán yú dāngdì shíjiān shàngwǔ 7:49 Zài zhōngguó qīnghǎi yùshù [1] [8] jù xīnhuá shè xiāoxi, yǐ quèdìng sǐwáng rénshù 2698 rén, shīzōng rényuán 270 rén, shāngyuán 12135 rén, qízhōng shòushāng yánzhòng zhě wéi 1 3,434 rén [4] zhènzhōng wèiyú yùshù xiàn shàng lā xiù xiānglǐ mǎ cūn (rì mǎ cūn/rì má cūn), kàojìn xīzàng zìzhìqū biānjiè piānpì dì dìxíng [9] [10]. Zhènzhōng jùlí yùshù xiàn, yùshù xiàn (Jyekundo) yuē 30 gōnglǐ [11], jùlí quánzhōu yuē 240 gōnglǐ.[5] Zhènzhōng wèiyú qīngzàng gāoyuán rényānxīshǎo dì dìqū, jīngcháng shòudào dìzhèn de xíjí.[12]

12 Shìjì de Thrangu xiūdàoyuàn hé zhōuwéi de cūnzhuāng shòudào yánzhòng pòhuài, xǔduō sēnglǚ hé cūnmín yùhài.[13]

Contents

    1 Geology
    2 Damage
    3 Response
        3.1 Tribute and Day of Mourning
        3.2 Role of monks and victims' rites
        3.3 External aid
        3.4 High altitude sickness
        3.5 Political issues
    4 List of aftershocks
    5 See also
    6 References
    7 External links
内容

     1地质学
     2伤害
     3响应
         3.1哀悼和哀悼日
         3.2僧侣和受害者仪式的作用
         3.3外援
         3.4高原病
         3.5政治问题
     4余震列表
     5另见
     6参考文献
     7外部链接

Geology


Tectonic map of the Tibetan Plateau showing location of the Xianshuihe fault zone

Qinghai lies in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, which formed due to the ongoing collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. The main deformation in this area is crustal shortening, but there is also a component of left lateral strike-slip faulting on major west–east trending structures such as the Kunlun and Altyn Tagh fault systems that accommodate southeastward translation of the Tibetan area.

The earthquake occurred on the Yushu fault,[14] about 300 kilometres (186 mi) south of the Kunlun fault.[5] The Yushu fault forms part of the Yushu-Garzê-Xianshuihe fault zone (玉树-甘孜-鲜水河断裂带),[15] one of the most active fault zones in eastern Tibet.[16] In history, many earthquakes greater than magnitude 7 have occurred in the Xianshuihe fault zone,[15] for example, the magnitude 7.25 earthquake in the Luhuo area on March 24, 1923, and the Ms 7.6 earthquake on February 6, 1973, in Luhuo.[17] Almost all sections of the Xianshuihe fault zone have produced strong earthquakes in records, except the sections of Yushu and Shimian (石棉). However, a trace of a strong earthquake occurred about 16,000 or 17,000 years ago has been found in Shimian. Hence, the Shimian section of the Xianshuihe fault zone is speculated to be currently locked and have the possibility of producing a strong earthquake in the future.[15]

地质学
青藏高原构造地图显示了咸水河断裂带的位置

青海位于青藏高原东北部，由于印度板块与欧亚板块的不断冲突而形成。这个地区的主要变形是地壳缩短，但也有主要西北向西结构的左侧走滑断裂的一个组成部分，如适应西藏东南部翻译的昆仑和阿尔金塔格断裂系统。

昆仑断裂南部约三百公里处，玉树断裂发生地震[5]玉树断裂构成玉树 - 甘孜 - 鲜水河断裂带的一部分，[15]是西藏东部最活跃的断裂带之一[16]历史上，咸水河断裂带发生了许多大于7级的地震[15]，例如1923年3月24日在卢霍地区发生的7.25级地震，1973年2月6日发生的7.6级地震[17]。除了玉树和石棉（石棉）的部分外，仙水河断裂带几乎所有部分都有强烈的地震记录。然而，在Shimian发现了大约16,000或17,000年前发生的一场强烈的地震。因此，西水河断裂带的石棉段被推测为目前被锁定，未来可能会发生强烈的地震。[15]
Dìzhí xué
qīngzàng gāoyuán gòuzào dìtú xiǎnshìle xián shuǐ hé duànliè dài de wèizhì

qīnghǎi wèiyú qīngzàng gāoyuán dōngběi bù, yóuyú yìndù bǎnkuài yǔ ōu yà bǎnkuài de bùduàn chōngtú ér xíngchéng. Zhège dìqū de zhǔyào biànxíng shì dìqiào suōduǎn, dàn yěyǒu zhǔyào xīběi xiàng xi jiégòu de zuǒ cè zǒu huá duànliè de yīgè zǔchéng bùfèn, rú shìyìng xīzàng dōngnánbù fānyì de kūnlún hé ā'ěr jīn tǎ gé duànliè xìtǒng.

Kūnlún duànliè nán bù yuē sānbǎi gōnglǐ chù, yùshù duànliè fāshēng dìzhèn [5] yùshù duànliè gòuchéng yùshù - gānzī - xiān shuǐ hé duànliè dài de yībùfèn,[15] shì xīzàng dōngbù zuì huóyuè de duànliè dài zhī yī [16] lìshǐ shàng, xián shuǐ hé duànliè dài fāshēngle xǔduō dàyú 7 jí dì dìzhèn [15], lìrú 1923 nián 3 yuè 24 rì zài lú huò dìqū fāshēng de 7.25 Jí dìzhèn,1973 nián 2 yuè 6 rì fāshēng de 7.6 Jí dìzhèn [17]. Chúle yùshù hé shímián (shímián) de bùfèn wài, xianshuǐ hé duànliè dài jīhū suǒyǒu bùfèn dōu yǒu qiángliè dì dìzhèn jìlù. Rán'ér, zài Shimian fāxiànle dàyuē 16,000 huò 17,000 nián qián fāshēng de yī chǎng qiángliè dì dìzhèn. Yīncǐ, xi shuǐ hé duànliè dài de shímián duàn bèi tuīcè wèi mùqián bèi suǒdìng, wèilái kěnéng huì fāshēng qiángliè dì dìzhèn.[15]

Damage
Earthquake cleft in the grassland


In Qinghai, building damage was reported with no casualties in the counties of Zadoi, Nangqên, and Qumarleb of Yushu Prefecture.[18] At least 11 schools were destroyed in the earthquake.[19] Over 85% of buildings in Gyegu, mostly of wood-earth construction, were destroyed, leaving hundreds trapped and thousands homeless.[9] A vocational school collapsed and trapped many students.[9] Power outage was also reported in Gyêgu.[20]

In Sichuan, strong shaking could be felt in the counties of Sêrxü, Dêgê, and Baiyü, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Road damage was reported in Sêrxü County.[21]

Due to the rough terrain and the fact that landslides have destroyed the local infrastructure, the initial rescue operations were undertaken by the People's Armed Police and People's Liberation Army soldiers of Lanzhou Military Region.[22] The Qinghai provincial government said in a public statement that five thousand tents, 100,000 thick, cotton coats, and heavy blankets were being sent to help survivors cope with the strong winds and near-freezing temperatures of around 6 °C (43 °F).[23]

The Yushu Batang Airport was re-opened at noon on Wednesday, April 14, and the first flight with personnel and supplies of the China International Earthquake Rescue Team landed there at 8 pm.[24]

The Changu (禅古) Dam, located on the Batang River (巴塘河; a right tributary of the upper Yangtze River) some 15 km upstream from the Yushu County seat (apparently at 32°54′40″N 97°02′50″E),[25] was damaged by the earthquake. Chinese language news reports as translated in a press release from the International Rivers stated that it is "at the risk of collapse at any time."[26]

Response
    Wikinews has related news: Rescue efforts underway after China earthquake

Chinese President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao urged all-out efforts to help rescue those affected by the earthquake. Several hours after news of the quake broke, Vice Premier Hui Liangyu was sent to the region to oversee rescue efforts.[27][28] Some 3,700 personnel from the Qinghai division of the People's Armed Police was sent to the region to aid in rescue efforts. Specialty personnel also arrived from neighbouring provinces Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia, as well as the Tibet Autonomous Region.[29]

President Hu Jintao was in Brazil at the time and decided to cut short a state visit and BRIC summit and rush back to China to co-ordinate rescue efforts. He also postponed his upcoming tour to Venezuela and Chile. Premier Wen Jiabao arrived in Yushu on April 15 to lead rescue work, and postponed his trip to southeast Asia.[30] Hu arrived in Yushu three days after Wen, to help guide the re
lief efforts and console victims.[31]

Tribute and Day of Mourning


Panorama of Gyegu town (2005) and monastery, is the cultural, economic and political center of Yushu.

On the evening of April 20, a national evening gala was hosted on China Central Television.[32] The event, which drew many celebrities and a large viewership, raised some 2.2 billion yuan ($US 322 million), which exceeded the amount raised in a similar gala for the Sichuan earthquake.[33] April 21 was declared a national day of mourning, reminiscent of a similar event in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. At Zhongnanhai, President Hu Jintao led a minute of silence, alongside the entire Politburo Standing Committee. Newspapers printed in black and white, and all major websites also changed their home page to black and white to reflect the grave mood.[33] Qiang Wei, CPC Party chief of Qinghai, led a large ceremony in Xining; a minute of silence was observed across the entire province, when police sirens and horns sounded.[34]

During the National Day of Mourning, all public entertainment activities were cancelled, and all state-run networks as well as some provincial networks redirected their regular programming to non-stop earthquake coverage.[35] The National Mourning sparked public debate about civil rights on Chinese web forums. The programming particularly irritated football fans, who complained that UEFA Champions League coverage of the Barcelona vs. Inter Milan match was replaced by earthquake coverage, accusing the authorities of being overly concerned with appearances.[35]

City University of Hong Kong professor Zheng Yutou opined that the "Day of Mourning" reflected China's political values - that collective interests and values outweigh those of individuals. Zheng said that this was diametrically opposed to the emphasis on individualism in Western countries. Zheng believed that a top-down public directive for the country is a reflection that without democracy, a formal Day of Mourning is one of a few ways to show that the leadership is concerned about the welfare of the people.[35] A South China Morning Post article said the event was an attempt to distract the public from other ongoing social problems. Yuan Weishi, retired professor at Sun Yat-sen University, disagreed with the assessment that the Day of Mourning should be seen as a political event. He said that the event is not at all surprising given the circumstances, and that there is no real threat to civil liberties.[35] Yuan said that "politicizing the situation makes it needlessly tense". Duowei added that National Days of Mourning have been held in many countries for large natural disasters and emerging as the "international norm".[35]

Role of monks and victims' rites

According to television reports filed by Chen Xiaonan of Hong Kong's Phoenix Television, and the Associated Press, thousands of Tibetan monks were active in the search and rescue for quake victims buried in the rubble, and were successful in the retrieving of buried yet still alive victims, as well as the retrieving of dead bodies and the subsequent conducting of traditional Tibetan sky burial or mass cremation.[36][37]

Monks provided spiritual services and consoling for families of the victims, and performed burial rites. Due to the great number of ethnic Tibetan victims in the quake, local clergy from monasteries said that the traditional sky burial funeral rites would be too difficult to manage, and that the unsanitary conditions meant that the souls of the departed may not reach heaven. A local monk said that it was determined a mass cremation, presided over by local Buddhist monks, would be the most appropriate funeral rite for the victims.[38] The Qinghai provincial Department of Civil Affairs sent out directives that funeral customs for local ethnic minorities must be respected, that the victims themselves must be treated with respect, and for a DNA bank to be set up for bodies who have not yet been identified.[38]

Reports later surfaced in Western media that groups of monks were also asked to leave the disaster area via telephone by local authorities. One monk said that the government may have been concerned about their safety.[39]

External aid


On April 18, the Republic of China (Taiwan) Red Cross Society send a 20-member medical team, composed of volunteers who have extensive experience with first aid and emergency procedures in earthquake and flooding rescue missions, to Qinghai province earthquake area, together with one tonne of medicine and equipment. “We tried to send more supplies but there was not sufficient airlift capacity in the disaster area,” an ROC Red Cross Society spokesman said.[40]

The American Red Cross has sent an initial sum of $50 000 in relief funds to help affected families in the Qinghai Province.[41][42] Many countries and organizations around the world sent condolences and pledged assistance if necessary.[43][44][45] The Artistes 414 Fund Raising Campaign was held at the Hong Kong Coliseum on April 26, 2010.
High altitude sickness

Since Yushu is located at 4000 meter high altitude when concentration of oxygen is much thinner than that at sea level, many rescuers who come from low land have fallen ill due to high altitude sickness, as 300 Guangdong rescuers were forced to be evacuated into lower altitude area, and one Chinese reporter was confirmed dead due to pulmonary complications caused by lack of oxygen.[46]

Political issues

The earthquake occurred in a Tibetan region in Qinghai province, where 93% of the local population is of Tibetan ethnicity, and many locals do not speak or understand Mandarin Chinese, and the community was home to large numbers of Tibetan Buddhists. A New York Times editorial wrote that while the death toll was small compared to the Sichuan earthquake in 2008, the rapid mobilization and highly organized relief effort "underscored the Communist Party’s determination to rally the nation and transform the disaster into a showcase of its benevolence and resolve", as well as an opportunity to showcase ethnic unity and a "softer side" of the government, who is often seen as being at odds with the Tibetan population.[47] State-run English newspaper China Daily praised the work of monks in two separate stories,[48][49] while also stressing the re-building of temples in the region.[49] In addition, state media avoided mention of schools that may have collapsed during the quake, with fresh memories of the public and foreign media backlash from a school construction scandal in Sichuan.[47]

There were earlier rumours that the authorities were attempting to hide the extent of the damage caused by the earthquake. In response, Guo Weimin of the State Council Information Office responded that "all the information coming out of the disaster zone has been accurate, timely, transparent... we will not, have not, and have no reason to alter any of the statistics regarding fatalities."[50] News reporting has also been relatively open; foreign media have been reporting in the area without government interference. In addition, bloggers and independent journalists were also allowed to report in the area, although more "sensitive" issues such as ethnic relations and religion face restrictions.[47] Tibetan activist Woeser acknowledged that the government's relief efforts have been robust, but remarked that relief funds risk embezzlement from local officials.[47] In regards to the authorities declining entry of foreign personnel to the region, the National Ministry of Defence stated that the terrain in Qinghai is rough and that funding and personnel have been largely sufficient for the relief efforts, and that foreign organizations could contribute through monetary donations.[51]

List of aftershocks

The initial earthquake was preceded by a foreshock and followed by several aftershocks, four above magnitude 5, including a M5.8 aftershock at a 4 km (2.5 mi) depth on April 14.[52]

Officials have warned that aftershocks above magnitude 5.5 are likely to continue,[53] and the China Earthquake Networks Center warned that further aftershocks above magnitude 6 are likely for several days following the main earthquake.[54]

Only shocks with magnitude 4.0 or higher are listed. Shocks with magnitude 5.5 or higher are highlighted in light blue. The main shock with moment magnitude 6.9 Mw[1] is highlighted in dark blue.
Date
(YYYY-MM-DD)     Time
(UTC)     Latitude     Longitude     Depth     Magnitude
2010-04-13     21:40:00     33.183° N     96.623° E     18.9 km (12 mi)     5.0 (Mw)
2010-04-13     23:49:39     33.224° N     96.666° E     17.0 km (11 mi)     6.9 (Mw)
2010-04-14     00:01:17     32.875° N     96.999° E     10.0 km (6 mi)     5.3 (Mw)
2010-04-14     00:12:25     33.159° N     96.580° E     10.0 km (6 mi)     5.2 (Mw)
2010-04-14     01:25:15     33.179° N     96.448° E     4.0 km (2 mi)     5.8 (Mw)
2010-04-17     00:59:01     32.588° N     92.743°E     40.6 km (25 mi)     5.1 (Mw)

损伤
地震在草地上裂开

在青海，据报玉树县的Zadoi，Nangqên和Qumarleb县的建筑物没有造成伤亡事故。[18]地震中至少有11所学校被摧毁[19] Gyegu的85％以上的大部分建筑物被毁坏，造成数百人陷入困境，数千人无家可归。[9]职业学校倒塌，困扰了许多学生。[9] Gyêgu也报告停电。[20]

在四川，西藏藏族自治州的Sêrxü，Dêgê和Baiyü县也感到震惊。 Sêrxü县报告道路损坏。[21]

由于崎岖的地形，山体滑坡破坏了当地的基础设施，最初的救援行动是由兰州军区人民武装力量和解放军士兵进行的。[22]青海省政府在公开声明中说，正在派出五千个帐篷，十万厚厚的棉花外套和沉重的毯子，帮助幸存者应对大约6°C（43°F）的强风和近冷冻温度。 [23]

玉树巴塘机场于四月十四日（星期三）中午重新开放，第一班中国国际地震救援队人员和物资搭载于晚上八时降落。

位于八卦河（巴塘河，长江上游右侧支流）的禅古水坝，距玉树县上游约15公里（显然为32°54'40“N 97°02' 50“E），[25]受到地震的破坏。来自国际河流的新闻稿中翻译的中文新闻报道称，“随时都有崩溃的风险”。[26]

响应
维基新闻有相关消息：中国地震后救援工作正在进行中

中国国家主席胡锦涛和温家宝总理要求全力协助救援受地震影响的人们。地震发生后几个小时，副总理惠良玉被派往该地区监督救援工作。[27] [28]来自青海省人民武装警察部队的3,700人被派往该地区进行救援工作。专业人员也来自邻近的甘肃，陕西，宁夏以及西藏自治区。[29]

胡锦涛主席当时在巴西，决定缩短国事访问和金砖四国首脑会议，赶回中国协调救援工作。他还推迟了他前往委内瑞拉和智利的旅程。温家宝总理4月15日抵达玉树，领导救援工作，推迟到东南亚旅行。[30]胡文涛三天抵达玉树，协助指导救援工作和控球台受害者。[31]
悼念和哀悼日
景谷镇（2005）和修道院的全景是玉树的文化，经济和政治中心。

4月20日晚，中央电视台举办了全国晚会。[32]这次吸引了众多名人和大型观众的活动，筹集了约22亿元人民币（3.22亿美元），超过了四川地震类似节目的金额。[33] 4月21日被宣布为国庆之日，令人想起2008年四川地震中类似的事件。在中南海，胡锦涛主席与政治局常委会一道，沉默了一分钟。报纸以黑白印刷，所有主要网站也将主页改为黑白，以反映严重的情绪。[33]青海省党委书记蒋伟率领西宁举行大型仪式，整个省份都有一分钟的沉默，警察的警报和喇叭响起。[34]

在国庆节期间，所有公共娱乐活动均被取消，所有国营网络以及部分省级网络将其常规计划重新定向到不间断地震覆盖。[35]全国哀悼引发了关于中国网络论坛公民权利的公开辩论。这个节目特别激怒了足球迷，他们抱怨说，欧洲冠军联赛对巴塞罗那和国际米兰的比赛都被地震覆盖，被指责当局过分关注外表。[35]

香港城市大学教授郑玉头认为，“哀乐日”反映了中国的政治价值观 - 集体利益和价值观超过个人的价值观。郑说，这与西方国家强调个人主义完全相反。郑先生认为，自上而下的公共指令反映出，没有民主的情况下，正式的“哀乐日”是表明领导层关心人民福利的几种方式之一。[35] “南华早报”的文章说，这次事件是企图将公众分散在其他正在发生的社会问题上。中山大学退休教授袁伟史不同意评估说“哀乐日”应该被视为政治事件。他表示，鉴于情况并不令人惊讶，而且对公民自由没有真正的威胁。[35]袁说，“把事态政治化，不合时宜”。多维补充说，国庆日在许多国家举行大型自然灾害，并成为“国际规范”。[35]